Emma Greenlee is nearing the end of her time as a Hubbard Fellow in Nebraska. Stay tuned for a future post from her with the results of an excellent field research project she designed and carried out for us. That was just one of many contributions she’s made to our work over the last 11 months or so. In this post, Emma compares her seed-related work at the Platte River Prairies to other experiences she’s had. Please enjoy this post written and illustrated by Emma:

Seeds are a key part of prairie restoration, and I’ve been wanting to write about them since the hot days I spent seed collecting in July and August on the Platte River Prairies. The field season was so busy that I never made the time for it, but recently, as I’ve been working on preparing the summer’s seeds for use, I decided to finally put my prairie seed reflections on paper.

This summer at PRP wasn’t my first time seed collecting. In fact, my previous job in Nevada was six months of primarily scouting for and collecting seeds for the national Seeds of Success (SOS) program, which sends interns across the western U.S.’s public lands each year to collect native seeds for use in research, restoration, and seed banking. My internship was based in Nevada, where I explored the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest and learned about the sagebrush steppe ecosystem while scouting for and collecting native plant seeds. Having this background made seed-related work at the Platte all the more interesting! (I also wrote blog posts for that job, in case you want to hear more!

Some quick contrasts between my SOS internship and collecting seeds with TNC in Nebraska are illustrative of the different scales and goals of the two programs. Starting with scale, the section of the National Forest I worked on in Nevada (the Santa Rosa Ranger District) covered 280,000 acres, while TNC’s Platte River Prairies take up about 3,500 acres. In Nevada I could drive around the Santa Rosa range all day and not find a satisfactory seed population to collect from, while in Nebraska I was able to find seeds to collect most days I set out to do so (in both cases I considered it a day well spent!).

Seeds of Success collections are supposed to contain 10,000 or more viable seeds, and I referenced a list of native Great Basin species (mostly grasses and a few Asters and other forbs) of high restoration and conservation interest as priorities to collect. At the Platte, one of our main restoration goals is to create diverse restorations from local seeds, so even a handful of seed from a less abundant species can be considered worth collecting. I’m not saying either approach is better; I’ve appreciated seeing how restoration happens at different scales.

In Nevada, I sent my collections to a seed processing facility and never saw them again. It’s been fun at the Platte this winter to learn about what happens to seed once it’s collected for restoration! After being collected, the seed sits in buckets in the “seed barn” (thusly named) until it’s processed, which involves running seeds through a machine that separates them from the hulls, pods, and stems they might be attached to or mixed in with. This was a meditative process for me—as I processed each sample, wearing earplugs to muffle the machine’s noise, I thought about the times I’d spent collecting these seeds, when the prairie was green and bustling and most days were hot and humid.

Every species is different to process—some have very tiny seeds that inevitably get all over the floor, in addition to the bucket they’re supposed to drop into from the seed processor, and need to be swept up. Some come out of their seedheads easily and processing them doesn’t seem to change much, but for some species it may scarify the seeds, helping them germinate. Some are attached to bits of downy fluff, like thistles and milkweeds, which brings me to a funny mouse incident I must tell you about…

As I mentioned, these buckets of seed wait in the seed barn for several months before being processed. Perhaps surprising no one, a bucket of downy fluff with some seeds mixed in turns out to be an optimal habitat for mice. One day I was processing thistle seeds and became very thankful I was adding seed to the processor handful by handful rather than dumping it in: approximately 12 mice were dwelling in this 2’x2’ barrel!

The mice didn’t reveal themselves to me all at once, but rather made their escapes in ones and twos, often requiring some coaxing to leave their fluffy mansion. Some were adults, and some were smaller and clumsier…it seemed they had started a community! I hope there were still some seeds mixed in with their playground of fluff and they hadn’t all gone to feeding the family.

The goals of the Seeds of Success program and of TNC’s restoration efforts in Nebraska are very different—contributing to restoration and conservation efforts across the Great Basin versus restoring prairie and adding diversity to existing prairie fragments along the Platte River in central Nebraska—and I’ve appreciated this small window into the diversity of approaches to restoration that exist out there. For me, seed collecting is a relaxing process and a chance to explore, and its results (here, new prairies and all the benefits more prairie brings) can be so beneficial and rewarding. Seed comes from seed, giving the process a certain symmetry, too.

What are everyone’s favorite seeds and/or favorite seed stories? Drop yours in the comments!

Kim and I try to spend a few days at the Niobrara Valley Preserve each year during the winter holiday break. Because most other staff are away, we can help keep an eye on the place. Also, Kim can go on some long runs and I can take full advantage of any photography light that happens to present itself. We just got back from this year’s visit. The photography light was a little scarce this year, but I managed to take full advantage of the few opportunities that arose.

Wednesday morning started out dark and cloudy, but by late morning, it looked like there might be a few gaps in those clouds, so I hopped in a vehicle and drove out to see what the bison were up to. There were several groups close to the gate, so I went over to say hello. In particular, there was a group of four big bulls loafing around that didn’t seem to mind my approach. I hung out near them for a while before the dark clouds covered the sun again. After lunch, another bright window opened up and I returned to that same group of bulls.

Although there were four bulls in the group, I only ended up photographing two of them. I’m not really sure why, except that the other two mostly sat around and didn’t look all that photogenic, I guess. Whatever the reason, I got hundreds of photos of those two charismatic bulls. One looked older than the other, but they were both impressively big.

Neither bull was full of much energy, which suited me just fine. My camera is not sophisticated (expensive) enough to have great autofocus tracking or the other magic that makes photography of moving animals easier. Animals that stand around make excellent photo subjects for me. In addition, I wanted to be sure I wasn’t agitating the bison, since I spent quite a bit of time near them. They certainly didn’t seem agitated.

Now, here’s the thing. I’m really happy with the photos I got of the bison. In fact, it was hard to narrow the field of images to a reasonable number to share in this post. As a result, this post contains a lot of photos of bison standing around. I’ve tried to add a little commentary to spice up your viewing experience a little, but there’s only so much I can do. I’m sorry about that. They really just stood there most of the time. But they sure looked great doing it!

During my late morning visit, I mostly photographed the older of those two bulls. Below, you can see three photos of him – looking at the camera, looking to the right, and looking to the left. The action was thrilling.

When I returned after lunch, the older bull was lying down and chewing his cud. A few minutes after I arrived (in the vehicle again), he stood up. That was exciting.

The younger bull was already standing when I arrived, and he continued to do that. Once or twice, he took a few steps. He even reached down to grab a little grass from between the patches of melting snow and ate it. Through all of that, I managed to keep him in focus with my cheap camera.

While the younger bull was very photogenic, I kept being drawn back to the older one. There was something about his rounder face that drew me in. Also, given my position, he was looking toward the bright sky behind me. As a result, he spend a lot of time with his eyes only half open. That made him look sleepy, and maybe he was, but I think it was mainly because he was squinting into the light. Either way, it was charming.

I managed to catch him from every angle. That was both because I adjusted my vehicle’s position now and then and because he worked up the energy to swivel around and even take a few steps during the half hour I was with him after lunch.

About 10 minutes into my afternoon visit with the bulls, the older one suddenly turned to the younger one and sniffed him. Then he turned toward me and provided a fantastic example of the Flehmen response, a little trick some animals use to pull air into a specialized olfactory organ. I’ve mostly seen it used by bison bulls checking to see if a cow is in heat. In this case, I doubt he was investigating the mating-readiness of the other bull, but what do I know? Either way, his sudden movement startled me but I managed to pull myself together enough to capture the behavior with my camera.

A few minutes later, the older bull put his head down and grazed a little. I couldn’t tell what he was eating but it must have been good to spur him into action like that. Pretty quickly, however, he returned to his previous ‘big unflappable bull’ pose.

I’ll end with a little photography talk that may or may not interest you. In most of the above photos, the background includes a lot of pale blue sky. That blue sky was what I saw when I was there, but the only reason you can see it in the photos is because I worked to bring it out during my image processing session in Adobe Photoshop.

Because bison have such dark hair, especially on their faces, exposure settings can be challenging. Especially in more intense light, the contrast between that dark hair and a bright sky is more than a camera likes to deal with. As a result, I had to really watch the histogram (showing the range of light intensity being captured) to make sure both the dark and light ends of the range were within the boundaries. It wasn’t always possible, especially when the afternoon sun was fully out and not being diffused by thin clouds.

Even when I had the full histogram captured, the raw (and Raw) images usually had either a bison that looked too dark or a sky that was nearly white. Or both. By later adjusting shadows and highlights, etc. – much like black-and-white photographers do in the dark room – I was usually able to make both bison and sky look like they’d appeared to me on site. However, I also liked the white background look in some of the images, so in several cases, I ended up saving two version of images so I could have one with a white sky and one with blue.

Here are two photos that I liked with nearly or completely white backgrounds, followed by an example of an image with both backgrounds. I can’t decide which I like better. It’s also an interesting philosophical conundrum: which is the ‘right’ way to depict the bison and its surroundings? Neither is the way the camera produced the scene, so both are artistic renditions. The blue sky is more like what my eyes and brain registered at the time, which is usually my guiding star when editing. On the other hand, the bison with a white background is pretty eye-catching, and since one of my aims is to get people to care about conservation, powerful images are important and helpful.

Just because I’m curious, I’ve created a quick poll to see if there is an overwhelming opinion among all of you on this topic. Just as with previous posts, if you don’t see a poll or can’t see a way to vote, click on the title of this post to open it on the website, which unlocks all the functions.

Regardless of whether or how you voted, have a fun and safe New Years weekend and start to 2023. Thanks again for following along, providing thoughtful and respectful comments, and for doing what you can to promote and enjoy prairies! Happy New Year!