Do you think you can tell a bison-grazed prairie from a cattle-grazed prairie? I bet you can’t.

Bison can be found in many parts of North America’s Great Plains and Midwest landscapes and I’ve been fortunate enough to visit many of those locations. I also work at and visit a lot of sites grazed by cattle. I’ve photographed all of the above. As a result, I can present today’s visual quiz: Bison or Cattle?

There are 12 photos below. Each was taken at a prairie grazed by either cattle or bison. All the sites were either being grazed when the photo was taken or were grazed the previous year. In addition, all the prairies have been under grazing management for many years. Your task is to guess which photos were taken at bison-grazed sites and which were at cattle-grazed sites. If you want to study a little first, you can read this 10-year-old post I wrote about the differences between cattle and bison.

Good luck!

Well, how do you feel about your guesses? Have you recorded them? It’s cheating if you don’t write or mark them down before you get the answers. Otherwise, how will you prove you were right or wrong?

Now’s your chance to go back through them one more time before I give you the answers.

Ready?

Here we go:

I made this as easy for you as I could by separating the photos into two groups. The first 9 photos (#’s1-9) are all cattle-grazed sites. The last three (#’s 10-12) are in bison-grazed sites.

How did you do?

I’m guessing you found this quiz difficult. It was supposed to be. There are a couple takeaways I hope you’ll get from it.

First, bison and cattle are more similar than they are different when it comes to their grazing. Both favor grasses over forbs (broadleaf plants), but forbs make up a significant part of the diet for both cattle and bison. When all else is equal, bison are a little more selective toward grasses than cattle.

The key phrase in that last paragraph, though, is “when all else is equal”. The stocking rate and grazing system being used have much more to do with the results than the species of grazing animal. Both bison and cattle are extremely picky about their food when they’re given the chance.

If you put them in large pastures at moderate stocking densities (animals per acre), both animals will walk around and choose only the plant species (and parts of each plant) they really want. Those diet choices vary across the season, and even day by day. Under higher stocking densities, both cattle and bison have to be less selective and eat what is available.

A second important point is that both bison and cattle can be used to create a wide range of habitat structure while maintaining high plant diversity. In contrast, both of them can be grazed in ways that degrade habitat quality and plant diversity. It’s up to the land managers to put either animal in situations that lead to positive results.

The final point I want to make is that you should always be cautious about reading too much from photos. Photography is a great way to share what’s happening at a site, but you only see what the photographer wants to show you. It’s really important to keep that in mind – with anyone, including me.

In this post, I was very selective about the photos I used to represent the points I was trying to make. I could have shown you photos from both bison and cattle sites that would make it appear that their grazing was doing awful things to those prairies. Similarly, I could have selected only photos that made grazed prairies look fantastic. I did a little of both in this post because I was trying to trick you and make the quiz difficult – and to support the idea that both bison and cattle can be used effectively (or not) for good prairie management. All of the sites shown in this post are well-managed and in good ecological shape.

If you’ve not worked with either cattle or bison, it’s really hard to describe how fascinating it can be to watch grazing animals interact with a prairie. While I’m pretty good at anticipating general patterns of behavior, I’m surprised all the time about the choices both bison and cattle make. I enjoy that, but I also understand how others might find that slight unpredictability frustrating, or even scary.

Grazing doesn’t make sense in all prairies. However, in sites where it’s feasible and fits with land management objectives, grazing – by either cattle or bison – can be a really flexible and dynamic stewardship tactic. And yes, horses, goats, and sheep can all be used effectively too, depending upon what a manager wants to accomplish and how they set up their grazing schemes.

If you take nothing else from this post, I hope you remember this: the results of grazing treatments, regardless of the grazing animal, are determined mostly by stocking rate and grazing system. A smart land manager constantly evaluates and adapts as they go, regardless of whether grazing is involved or not. When they do, good things can happen with bison, cattle, goats, or even gerbils. Gerbils take pretty specialized fences, though.

For most people, bison and prairie dogs are the two strongest icons associated with North American Prairies.  I sometimes wonder if that’s a problem.

Bison are, of course, wonderful animals.  They have strong cultural significance and can play valuable ecological roles in grassland systems, especially through their grazing, wallowing and other behaviors.  Prairie dogs are cute, talk to each other, and create burrows and other habitat features that draw in lots of other animals.  If you’ve heard anything about prairie dogs, you’ve probably heard them called a keystone species – a species that has an outsized effect on an ecosystem, helping to support a broad diversity of other ecosystem members.

So, if a prairie doesn’t have bison or prairie dogs, is it still a prairie?

Of course it is.

Well, those of us who work in prairies know that.  Does the general public know it?  Or do they expect to see bison and prairie dogs in a real prairie?  If they do, it’s probably our fault.  Those of us who promote prairies sure do talk a lot about those two animals, even though they are found in only a tiny percentage of today’s grasslands.

This presents a conundrum, doesn’t it?  Bison and prairie dogs are two of our most charismatic characters.  Talking about prairies without including them would be like talking about the arctic without mentioning polar bears or penguins.  (That was a test, of course, and you passed because you know penguins don’t live in the northern hemisphere.  Well, except in the Galapagos, but those are kind of the exceptions that prove the rule, aren’t they?  Good work.)

You get my point, though, right?

Unfortunately, the prairies most accessible to the majority of North Americans don’t have either prairie dogs or bison.  So, why do we keep using those two icons to sell people on prairies?  If my local zoo had photos of pandas on their signs, I’d expect to see pandas when I visited.  When I arrived and found out pandas weren’t actually there, I’d probably turn around and leave.  We don’t want that to happen with prairies.  Prairies are incredible, complex, and beautiful ecosystems with or without bison and prairie dogs.

Let’s diversify our prairie iconography.  It’s not like we’re short on choices, but we should be thoughtful about our decisions. 

I often see rare butterflies like regal fritillaries featured in prairie-related media.  Lately, the rusty patch bumblebee has been prominently displayed and discussed in conjunction with many Midwestern prairies.  Here’s the problem.  Most people aren’t going to see a rusty patch bumblebee or regal fritillary when they visit their local prairie. 

We should absolutely talk about prairies and their value to regals, rusty patches and other increasingly rare insects.  At the same time, though, why can’t we also talk about intriguing prairie species people can see in just about any prairie?  Rare species are important, but, by definition, it’s hard to find them.  There are plenty of common prairie species we can highlight, and all of them have fantastic natural history stories.

People like birds, right?  Let’s talk about red-winged blackbirds!  Sure, they’re also associated with wetlands, but I see them in lots of prairies – often right off the side of the road where they’re easy to watch.  Dickcissels are another great choice.  They like hanging out in smaller prairies with a lot of tall wildflowers.  That describes a lot of the prairie habitat closest to our largest human populations in the Midwest and Great Plains. 

Both of those birds have obvious territorial behaviors we can describe to people, so they know what to watch and listen for when they see them.  We can talk about their migration patterns, their diet, their songs, and lots more.  If you live in a place where you don’t have red-winged blackbirds or dickcissels, surely there are other bird species that hang out in most of your prairies.  Pick a couple and promote them!

Wildflowers like black-eyed Susans, sunflowers, milkweeds or others can also be great options to highlight.  We have to be a little careful about timing, since they don’t bloom all season, but it’s not hard to list a few common wildflowers people might see at different times of year and talk about why they’re fascinating.  Using plants people might know from their own yards or neighborhoods can be a big help.  Seeing familiar plants in a new place is kind of like seeing friends when you arrive at a party – it provides an instant feeling of comfort and reassurance.

Obviously, we’re not short on invertebrate options.  We don’t have to pick individual species, either.  Grasshoppers and katydids, for example, are easy to spot.  Pointing out that there are lots of different species – each with their own color patterns – can give people a reason to go look for them and keep exploring after they see their first one. Butterflies and moths fit the same criteria (easy to see and full of variety). 

All those insects have incredible life history stories people can dig into and learn about.  Plus, in both grasshoppers/katydids and butterflies/moths, people can look at the antennae to see which is which.  (Grasshoppers have short antennae and katydids have really long ones.  Butterflies have little knobs at the end of their antennae and moths don’t.)

Anyway, you get the point.  These are just a few quick examples among many available to us.

Is it really hurting prairie conservation efforts to rely so much upon prairie dogs and bison as our ambassadors?  I don’t think it’s our biggest conservation concern, but I do worry about it.  It feels like we’re living in the past a little bit, and trying to sell people on a kind of prairie ideal that doesn’t really exist. 

None of this means we shouldn’t continue working on bison and prairie dog conservation efforts.  It’d be great to see both those species in more places, both for their own sake and because they really are a great draw for getting people to come visit grasslands.  In the places where it makes sense, let’s keep pushing forward.

At the same time, there’s no reason we can’t also promote some other prairie ambassadors to draw people to the prairies near their homes.  By picking common plants and animals and highlighting their stories, we give people opportunities to find and build relationships with local prairie species.  If we do it right, people will be excited to come to our party and feel welcome and comfortable when they arrive.