How to Photograph Flat Prairies

For some reason, there are people who find it difficult to see the aesthetic beauty of places with limited topographic variability. First of all, that sounds like a “them” problem, doesn’t it? Who needs mountains, or even steep hills to feel good about their surroundings? Not me. Not you.

Then, of course, there are others who struggle to find joy in places without trees. I feel bad for people like that, but I also understand that we’re all in different places in our journey. Some of us are just starting out, and feel like trees are the epitome of nature. Some of us have passed far beyond that elementary understanding of the world and don’t have to worry about whether we can see the forest for the trees. We just ignore the forest altogether and spend our time out in the open where we can more interesting things.

I’m kidding, of course. We prairie people don’t ignore trees. We cut them down so they don’t block our view of the prairie.

Regardless, as a service to those who are still working toward a more heightened awareness of the world, I’ve created a simple guide to how to appreciate and photograph flat prairies. I hope you find it useful.

First, one of the best parts about landscapes without steep hills, mountains, or trees is that you can actually see the sky. The first tip, then, is photograph the sky! The sky is amazing. Or, at least, clouds are amazing. The sky itself is fine, but when there are clouds floating around, photograph them! Use the prairie as a foundation for spectacular cloud scenes.

If you’ve taken any classes on photo or drawing composition, you probably learned about leading lines – components of an image that draw the viewer’s eye to a focal point. You don’t need leading lines to make a good prairie photo. On the other hand, if life hands you a mowed trail, you’d be a fool not to use it.

Angling your camera upward toward the sky is a great way to get good photos in the prairie. The opposite, though, is also true. Standing tall and angling your camera downward can sometimes help you highlight the depth and variety of a prairie plant community. It helps to be tall, of course. Since I’m not tall, I use this technique less than some of my friends, mostly because carrying a step ladder around is an inconvenience.

If the sky isn’t providing anything interesting and you’re not tall enough to comfortably look downward into the prairie, another trick is to use plants to break up a monotonous sky. Often, this just entails stooping down a little so some tall wildflowers or grasses are poking up above the horizon. This technique can be a helpful way for people still stuck in the nature-needs-trees-to-be-beautiful world because if you find the right angle, wildflowers and grasses look sort of like trees sticking up into the air. But better.

Early in the season, or in prairies that are not only flat, but also full of short plants, you might have to drop right down to the ground to get photos of plants protruding above the horizon. That’s easy enough.

While you’re down there, you’ll probably see all kinds of fascinating creatures. They also make great photo subjects, so you might end up taking one landscape photo and then filling the remainder of your day with close-up photos of tiny invertebrates and flowers. What could be better than that?

One quick note: It’s perfectly fine to turn your camera vertically. It has a sealed case, which prevents photographic fluid from draining out if you tilt it.

If a sky is missing clouds, you may be able to use the sun instead. Importantly, of course, don’t look at the sun. But if you can manage it safely, the sun – especially very early in the morning or right before sunset – can provide a nice feature of interest for prairie photos.

Now that we’ve covered several techniques, try mixing some of them together! For example, you can both drop low to the ground so plants break up the horizon and also use the sun as a point of interest. Wow! So many options! Again, please don’t look at the sun.

If you find yourself camping in a prairie and are lucky enough to find a campsite that doesn’t have trees that block the view, you can always play with the ol’ glowing tent trick. Actually, this can work even if there are trees around, but it’s a lot better when you can see the sky behind the tent.

If you’ve never tried the ol’ glowing tent trick, it’s very easy. You set your camera on a tripod and use a long exposure – maybe 20-30 seconds. You’ll probably need that much time to capture what little light in the sky there is (lingering sunset glow, moonrise, stars, etc.). However, you’ll also need that time to click the shutter button (a remote trigger is helpful here) and then dash to the tent, unzip the door, slip in, rezip the door, and quickly shine a flashlight around the interior of the tent before the camera shutter closes. It often takes several attempts to get both the light and timing right, so it’s a terrific way to get a little exercise before bedtime.

A final tip, and maybe my favorite, is to use a bumblebee as your foreground. “Chris,” you might be wondering, “won’t the bumblebee just fly away if I get close to it?” Yes, almost always. But sometimes it won’t and it can help make a really great prairie photograph on flat terrain with no trees whatsoever.

I hope you’ve found this guide helpful. If you have friends who still struggle to find beauty and wonder in flat places without mountains or trees, send this to them. We can’t save everyone, but we can at least give them a fighting chance.

Learning How to Live With Shrubbier Grasslands – Part 2: Experimentation

In Part 1 of this topic, I wrote about the uncomfortable situation many prairie stewards find ourselves in – that our grasslands are getting “shrubbier” and it’s increasingly difficult to prevent that. Because the drivers for that change are mostly beyond our control, it seems obvious that we need to start thinking differently about grassland management.

There are still plenty of grasslands where we should work to prevent woody encroachment. However, there are also a lot of prairies where trees or shrubs have already become part of the community. In many other places, it appears to be just a matter of time. It seems smart for us to try to get ahead of this and figure out how to manage woodier grasslands for biodiversity and productivity.

Most of us haven’t focused much on how to manage the height and density of shrubs in our prairies because we’ve been thinking mostly about how to repel them. That means we need to start experimenting, and quickly. My team has implemented a couple different field trials in the last couple years and I’m going to share some preliminary results with you. I hope those results will spur others to share their experiences and, more importantly, ramp up their own experimentation efforts.

Our first trials focus on clonal deciduous shrubs (smooth sumac and rough-leaved dogwood). We started with the hypothesis that if we could hit them twice (or more) in the same growing season, we might get multiple years of suppressed height and density as a result. This hypothesis was informed by helpful conversations with people like Dean Kettle at the Kansas Biological Survey and several others.

Field Trial #1 – Smooth Sumac at The Nature Conservancy’s Niobrara Valley Preserve

In 2023, we treated a number of smooth sumac patches with treatments (often in combination) that included prescribed fire, mowing, and a non-lethal “burn-down” herbicide. The photos shown here illustrate what those sumac patches looked like on June 16, 2025.

Quick summary of preliminary results:

  • Mowing sumac in June and August really reduced both the height and density of stems, and that impact has persisted for at least 2 years.
  • An August mowing, followed by a dormant season fire (November, in our case), showed pretty similar results.
  • June mowing followed by herbicide in August seemed slightly less effective than the above two treatments, but much better than any single treatment alone.
  • June mowing followed by a November fire was the least effective of all the combinations listed so far, but still better than a single mowing treatment.
  • All single treatment applications (June mowing, August mowing, November fire) showed quick recovery within two years.
June 16, 2025 Photo of smooth sumac that received no treatment in 2023. You can just barely see my spade in the center of the photo, with sumac looming well above it.
This patch received a single prescribed fire treatment in November of 2023. If you look really closely, you can see just the handle of my spade. The sumac rebounded very well. This is similar to what both single mowing treatments (June and August) looked like by June 2025.

Treatments were applied on June 13, August 9, and November 29, 2023. The photos below show sumac patches with various treatment combinations.

This patch was mowed in June and August of 2023 and experienced a significant decrease in both height and density of stems (the slope in the background was untreated).
August mowing followed by November fire also had a significant impact.
June mowing followed by a November fire was better than any single treatment, but not nearly as effective as the other combinations.

The herbicide we used contained the active ingredient Carfentrazone-ethyl, which disrupts cell membranes in leaves and essentially defoliates plants. The hope was that it would act much like a prescribed fire – injuring the shrubs without killing them or any surrounding plants. We mixed 17.5 ml (0.7 ml/gal) of AIM herbicide and 47.5 oz (1.9 oz/gal) of crop oil in 25 gallons of water and applied a heavy foliar spray.

We tested this on full-sized sumac plants in June, but the spray didn’t penetrate the canopy well, and only burned up the top layer of leaves. It seemed to work much better in August as a follow-up treatment to resprouted sumac plants mowed in June.

The brown-leaved sumac plants on the right were mowed in June and the regrowth was sprayed with AIM herbicide in August. This photo was taken 1 week after spraying.

As we’d hoped, we saw no mortality of sumac or any other plants from the herbicide treatment. Instead, it seemed to act much like a prescribed fire, in that it just injured the shrubs. We’d expected it to do some temporary damage to surrounding vegetation as well, but saw very little evidence of that.

Here is the June 2025 photo of the sumac sprayed with AIM herbicide in June 2023. Height and density are both much reduced compared to untreated patches.

My takeaway from the herbicide application was that it is worth more testing, but seems less effective than mowing or fire. In places/situations where spraying might be feasible, but mowing isn’t, it might be a decent follow-up treatment to extend the impacts of prescribed fire. Maybe. We’ll see. Either way, it didn’t seem to cause any damage to the plant community around the sumac, which reinforces my interest in more experimentation.

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Field Trial #2 – Rough-Leaved Dogwood at The Nature Conservancy’s Platte River Prairies

For a few years now, I’ve been paying attention to fenceline differences and other evidence that cattle grazing has potential to help manage deciduous shrub height and density. This spring (2024) we set up a quick experiment to test that with rough-leaved dogwood. Cattle were brought into the unit in early June and will be present through October (part of our larger open gate grazing experiment.)

A fenceline photo showing grazed prairie on the left and ungrazed on the right. Note the height and density of the dogwood and plum on the ungrazed side.

Forty cow/calf pairs were introduced to a 49 acre pasture in late May, 2025. In early July, they were given another 25 acres (in addition to the initial 49) and later this summer, they’ll gain access to an additional 69 acres. The photos below, though, were all taken on June 10 – about 2 weeks after cattle were brought into the pasture. In other words, the grazing impacts shown below happened pretty quickly after cattle were brought in. It’s not like they waited to graze dogwood leaves until they’d eaten everything else.

We set up four treatments:

  • Grazed (unmowed)
  • Ungrazed (unmowed)
  • Mowed/Grazed
  • Mowed/Ungrazed

The height of all dogwood stems included in the study was measured on April 22, 2025 and some of those stems were mowed immediately afterward. Small exclosures were set up to exclude grazing from some treatments.

Quick summary of preliminary results (as of June 16, 2025):

  • Cattle are definitely grazing the leaves of dogwood. Stems outside the exclosures looked very ragged compared to ungrazed plants.
  • Dogwood stems mowed in April were being kept cropped off at just a few inches in height.
  • Dogwood stems mowed in April but excluded from grazing had already reached about 10-12 inches in height by June 16.
Grazed dogwood (left) and ungrazed dogwood (right, in the exclosure).
Dogwood stems inside the triangle of red flags were mowed in late April and cattle are keeping them grazed off close to the ground.
Dogwood mowed in April but excluded from grazing had grown 10-12 inches by June 16.

This project is just getting started, but it’s gratifying to see that cattle are grazing dogwood as we’d expected (see photos below for further confirmation). The most promising result so far is that the mowed dogwoods seem particularly attractive to cattle and we hope repeated grazing of those resprouting stems will lead to several years of much-reduced growth compared to stems in the other treatments. Time will tell, but we’re off to a good start.

My real hope is that we can find ways that cattle grazing can play into our larger efforts to manage shrub height and density. For example, burning every 4-5 years isn’t enough on its own to suppress shrub growth. However, burning followed by a season of grazing on the regrowth of those shrubs might lead to significantly reduced growth over the next several years. By the time the next fire comes through, those shrubs might not have grown very tall at all.

We have lots of experience (and data) showing that some kinds of cattle grazing can benefit habitat heterogeneity without reducing plant diversity. If similar grazing approaches can also suppress the height and density of shrubs, that’ll be a huge help.

This (including the sumac work above) is just the start of a long experimental path, but I’m excited by the early results.

A cow grazing dogwood on July 2, 2025
Even the calves are working on the dogwood.

I’m sharing these very early results in the hope that I can encourage others to do similar experimentation. Please don’t interpret these preliminary findings as anything more than what they are. We’re seeing some hopeful signs, but need to follow these trials for more years to see the longer-term impacts of what we’re trying. We also need to greatly expand the treatments and combinations to really understand what various options can do.

Please help! If you are a land manager in the Central U.S. and have shrubs in your grassland, it would be terrific if you could test these or similar approaches to managing shrub height and density and report back. Just as importantly, we need researchers to help us learn about the impacts of different degrees of shrub height and density on plant communities, pollinators and other invertebrates, birds, mammals, and much more. That information will be crucial to land management and help tell us what to aim for.

As I said in the first post, the increase in woody plants in our grasslands doesn’t have to be a catastrophe. It might just be one more factor we need to include in the way we think about managing prairies for various objectives. If we ignore the issue until the shrubs have filled in and taken over, though, we’ll definitely lose. Let’s not lose, ok?