Watching the Sandhills Bounce Back at the Niobrara Valley Preserve

I took our Hubbard Fellows up to the Niobrara Valley Preserve in north-central Nebraska last week.  While we were there, I spent quite a bit of time in the east bison pasture, where the recovery of prairie plants from last year’s summer wildfire was in full swing.

sunflowers and grass

Prairie grasses such as sand bluestem (front left) and many others were growing well across the bison pasture during the first growing season since last July’s wildfire.

The lush green growth was in strong contrast to the burned prairie’s appearance back in late April when only a few sedges and yucca looked alive – and both were being cropped short by hungry bison.

April 23

These sedges were about the only green in the bison pasture on April 23 of this year.  Since the bison were mainly eating brown grass and hay all winter, anything green was pretty attractive.

We knew the prairie would survive the fire, but it was still good to see the quick strong growth after some nice rains this spring.  The Preserve staff reduced the size of the east bison herd last year because more than 90% of the bison pasture had burned.  The biggest concern was getting the bison through the winter with very little residual grass available to eat.  With the help of a little fall growth and some supplemental hay, the bison survived just fine.

bison

The bison are enjoying having a wide selection of green plants to choose from after a long winter of sparse brown grass.

The drought and wildfire definitely weakened the vigor of perennial plants in the prairie, and there is a flush of annuals and other short-lived plants taking advantage of that this year.  Species such as goosefoot (an annual Chenopodium species), annual sunflower (Helianthus petiolaris) and six-weeks fescue (Vulpia octoflora) are abundant throughout the grassland.  At the same time, however, perennial plants such as prairie wild rose (Rosa arkansana), spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis), cutleaf ironplant (Haploppus spinulosus), and many more are having a great year too.

wildflowers

Flower species such as cutleaf ironplant (left) and spiderwort (right) are coloring the sandhills in the burned bison pasture.

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flowers

Goosefoot (the tall skinny light blue plants) and other annuals are abundant, but so are perennials such as wild rose (pink) and hairy puccoon (yellow).

Besides the bison, we saw numerous other creatures throughout the prairie.  I wandered through the area where I’d seen sharp-tailed grouse displaying back in May, and flushed up a couple birds.  Upland sandpipers, western meadowlarks, and lark sparrows were all over the place.  Insects, of course, were easy to find too, including a number of species feeding on the pollen of the ubiquitous flowers.

Gr asshopper nymph

Grasshopper nymph on annual sunflower.

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antlion

Adult antlions were EVERYWHERE during my morning walk in the prairie.  A few were feeding on the pollen of spiderwort flowers.

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fence lizard

A  lesser earless lizard (Holbrookia maculata) near a small sand blowout.

This spring brought a big new batch of bison calves, a testament to the toughness of the females, who were able to get through a hard winter of sparse brown grass and a little hay.  There should be plenty to eat now – not only did the Preserve staff reduce the herd size to about 150 adults after the fire, they also increased the pasture size to about 10,000 acres.  While the prairie grasses are still weak, that light stocking rate should give those plants plenty of opportunity to recover, depending upon the consistency of rainfall during the remainder of the season, of course.  The staff will allow the herd size to grow again over the next few years, aiming for an eventual stocking rate of about 30 acres per animal.

bison calves

This year’s bison calves looked as cute and healthy as always.

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bison bull

The big bulls looked healthy too…

In other news, the extent of erosion on the ridges where the pine woodland burned last year didn’t look any worse than the last time I was there.  In addition to a lot of deciduous trees re-sprouting from their bases, we saw a fair number of oak trees with at least some leaves on last year’s branches – though it’s not clear whether they’ll actually survive long-term or not.  Most importantly, we haven’t yet found any invasive plants moving into those burned woodland areas, which is good.

The burned woodlands will be significantly different – but fine – in the coming years.  The prairies, however, have been able to absorb the impacts of the drought and wildfire without breaking stride.

It’s like they’ve done this before…

Fun and Fellowship in the Platte Prairies

Back in February, I wrote about our new Hubbard Fellowship program.  Anne Stine and Eliza Perry joined us in early June as our first two Fellows, and have been enthusiastically soaking in the prairie life ever since.  Anne comes from northern Virginia, but just graduated with a Master’s of Science degree from Duke University.  Eliza is from Maine and completed a Bachelor’s degree from Bates College.

We are in the process of setting up a blog for the Hubbard Fellowship, through which Eliza and Anne will be able to share their experiences over the next year – and those experiences are already coming fast and furious.  During their first three weeks, they have controlled invasive thistles with spades and herbicide, killed trees with PVC herbicide wands ( “kill sticks”) and chainsaws, harvested seeds, learned to drive an ATV and tractor, attended conference with staff of The Nature Conservancy from twenty-three states, got a guided tour of lands managed by the Prairie Plains Resource Institute, wrangled a cow wrapped in fencing wire, herded cattle, repaired and erected electric fences, observed a prescribed burn, and have been learning the basics of grassland ecology and management.   Since the Fellowship blog isn’t up and running yet, I asked Anne and Eliza to write down some brief thoughts about their experiences so far and am sharing them here:

Anne Stine (left) and Eliza Perry (right), dressed up for a prescribed fire - one of many new experiences during their first three weeks on the job.

Anne Stine (left) and Eliza Perry (right), dressed up for a prescribed fire – one of many new experiences during their first three weeks on the job.

Eliza:

The sky in Nebraska is without a doubt “bigger” than it is in Maine, where I hail from. As much as I love watching the sun rise over the ocean, I have experienced few sunsets that rival those here in the prairie, which spread melting color 360 degrees around the sky. Every day here has been another new and blissfully challenging adventure. I have entered a whole new landscape, ecosystem, and culture (and time zone!). As a student of Environmental Studies with a focus on environmental ethics and philosophy, I am always curious about the differing interests of those living in both the human and non-human communities I get to work with in the coming months. The “Midwestern hospitality” mindset that I heard about before my arrival certainly extends into Nebraska, even if there is controversy over whether it is a Midwestern state. Folks here really know how to make a newcomer feel welcome and at home, which is especially appreciated on my end.

I had always assumed there to be a well-established, precise order to the world of professional conservation, and while the staff here have extensive experience with grasslands, it is clear that their jobs present just as much of a learning experience as mine.  At a Nature Conservancy conference not long after we arrived, I was privileged to listen in on a fascinating conversation between Chris and two other Great Plains ecologists about grazing strategies. Grazing is a staple management tool for grassland conservation. All three are veteran scientists, and they exchanged an amazing amount of insight during a back and forth discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of permitting cattle to graze in one area for an extended period of time versus quickly moving them along a specified route. I would have thought a resolution had long been set in stone, but the more I learn, the more I understand how complex and dynamic this ecosystem is, which is an awareness I was lectured on but rarely felt or experienced during my undergraduate coursework. At this point, I am not yet grazing or grassland savvy enough to offer my perspective on the matter, but the conversation itself demonstrated some general trends within the event, namely that TNC folks love their jobs and are eager to engage with topics of their own and others’ expertise. I have not encountered such enthusiasm anywhere that I have worked in the past and it was extremely energizing to see.

Yet as exciting as everything is and continues to be, inexperience is a strange—though exhilarating—feeling, and I am looking forward to the day when I can glance down and identify more than ten species at my feet, or fix an ATV or a fence without calling for help every step of the way (we work with some divinely patient people). That day is close, that much I know!

The wide open prairie along the Platte River is a big change from where both Eliza and Anne grew up.  They seem to be adapting just fine...

The Nature Conservancy’s wide open prairies along the Platte River are very different from the landscapes where Eliza and Anne grew up. They seem to be adapting just fine…

Anne:

I drove cross country three times before I stopped in the prairie.  I zipped along the Gulf Coast to the Four Corners and California, only noting the silted up Americana along Rt. 287 from Dallas to Amarillo and the steppes and mesas of Northern New Mexico in the southern plains.  Other than that, I was target oriented.  Eyes glazed, listening to podcasts and classic country on the radio from DC to Arizona.

When I first arrived in Nebraska to interview for the Hubbard Fellowship it was April, and the great Sandhill Crane migration was underway.  I saw long-legged, long-necked grey birds picking through the brown cornfields, I could hear them croaking to each other in flight overhead, and I could see what I thought was their grey feathers in coyote scat along mown trails in the brown prairie.  I didn’t know what to make of this early spring grassland, but I was excited about the Fellowship and I decided to gamble on the unknown.

Returning to the prairie in June meant landing in a wide green meadow of wildflowers and sloughs. During my run along the Platte on my first morning, I saw two deer, three rabbits and a turkey.  Nebraska seemed like a rich place for me to live out my Huck Finn adventures—I’d go fishing in the creek (done), hunting in the fall (enrolled in Hunter’s Education), and canoeing in the Platte (impossible, but more on that later).  I’d learn every grass and flower, fix fences and help with restoration.  The early summer greenness urged me to fully immerse myself in prairie life.

I am eager to learn more about this new world in which I am privileged to reside for a full turn of the seasons. This is a subtle landscape that one must inhabit to know, about which Willa Cather famously wrote:

“There was nothing but land; not a country at all, but the material out of which countries are made.”

― Willa Cather, My Ántonia